C23 has a new rule for struct, union, and enum compatibility finally appearing in compilers starting with GCC 15, released this past April, and Clang later this year. The same struct defined in different translation units (TU) has always been compatible — essential to how they work. Until this rule change, each such definition within a TU was a distinct, incompatible type. The new rule says that, ackshually, they are compatible! This unlocks some type parameterization using macros.

An early, small hurdle diving into WebAssembly was allocating my allocator. On a server or desktop with virtual memory, the allocator asks the operating system to map fresh pages into its address space (sbrk, anonymous mmap, VirtualAlloc), which it then dynamically allocates to different purposes. In an embedded context, dynamic allocation memory is typically a fixed, static region chosen at link time. The Wasm execution environment more resembles an embedded system, but both kinds of obtaining raw memory are viable and useful in different situations.

It began as a water sort puzzle solver, constructed similarly to my British Square solver. It was nearly playable, so I added a user interface with SDL2. My wife enjoyed it on her desktop, but wished to play on her phone. So then I needed to either rewrite it in JavaScript and hope the solver was still fast enough for real-time use, or figure out WebAssembly (Wasm). I succeeded, and now my game runs in browsers (source). Like before, next I ported my pkg-config clone to the Wasm System Interface (WASI), whipped up a proof-of-concept UI, and it too runs in browsers. Neither use a language runtime, resulting in little 8kB and 28kB Wasm binaries respectively. In this article I share my experiences and techniques.

Ted Unangst published dude, where are your syscalls? on flak yesterday, with a neat demonstration of OpenBSD’s pinsyscall security feature, whereby only pre-registered addresses are allowed to make system calls. Whether it strengthens or weakens security is up for debate, but regardless it’s an interesting, low-level programming challenge. The original demo is fragile for multiple reasons, and requires manually locating and entering addresses for each build. In this article I show how to fix it. To prove that it’s robust, I ported an entire, real application to use raw system calls on OpenBSD.

Wavefront OBJ is a line-oriented, text format for 3D geometry. It’s widely supported by modeling software, easy to parse, and trivial to emit, much like Netpbm for 2D image data. Poke around hobby 3D graphics projects and you’re likely to find a bespoke OBJ parser. While typically only loading their own model data, so robustness doesn’t much matter, they usually have hard limitations and don’t stand up to fuzz testing. This article presents a robust, partial OBJ parser in C with no hard-coded limitations, written from scratch. Like similar articles, it’s not really about OBJ but demonstrating some techniques you’ve probably never seen before.

xxd is a versatile hexdump utility with a “reverse” feature, originally written between 1990–1996. The Vim project soon adopted it, and it’s lived there ever since. If you have Vim, you also have xxd. Its primary use cases are (1) the basis for a hex editor due to its -r reverse option that can unhexdump its previous output, and (2) a data embedding tool for C and C++ (-i). The former provides Vim’s rudimentary hex editor functionality. The second case is of special interest to w64devkit: xxd -i appears in many builds that embed arbitrary data. It’s important that w64devkit has a compatible implementation, and a freshly rewritten, improved xxd, rexxd, now replaces the original xxd (as xxd).

Fuzz testing is incredibly effective for mechanically discovering software defects, yet remains underused and neglected. Pick any program that must gracefully accept complex input, written in any language, which has not yet been been fuzzed, and fuzz testing usually reveals at least one bug. At least one program currently installed on your own computer certainly qualifies. Perhaps even most of them. Everything is broken and low-hanging fruit is everywhere. After fuzz testing ~1,000 projects over the past six years, I’ve accumulated tips for picking that fruit. The checklist format has worked well in the past (1, 2), so I’ll use it again. This article discusses AFL++ on source-available C and C++ targets, running on glibc-based Linux distributions, currently the indisputable best fuzzing platform for C and C++.

This article durably captures my reddit comment showing techniques for std::unordered_map and std::vector equivalents in C programs. The core, important features of these data structures require only a dozen or so lines of code apiece. They compile quickly, and tend to run faster in debug builds than release builds of their C++ equivalents. What they lack in genericity they compensate in simplicity. Nothing here will be new. Everything has been covered in greater detail previously, which I will reference when appropriate.

GCC and Clang inline assembly is an interface between high and low level programming languages. It is subtle and treacherous. Many are ensnared in its traps, usually unknowingly. As such, the asm keyword is essentially the unsafe keyword of C and C++. Nearly every inline assembly tutorial, including the awful ibilio page at the top of search engines for decades, propagate fundamental, serious mistakes, and most examples are incorrect. The dangerous part is that the examples usually produce the expected results! The situation is dire. This article isn’t a tutorial, but basic rules to avoid the most common mistakes, or to spot them in code review.

This article was discussed on Hacker News.

Over the past month I’ve been exploring the rapidly evolving world of Large Language Models (LLM). It’s now accessible enough to run a LLM on a Raspberry Pi smarter than the original ChatGPT (November 2022). A modest desktop or laptop supports even smarter AI. It’s also private, offline, unlimited, and registration-free. The technology is improving at breakneck speed, and information is outdated in a matter of months. This article snapshots my practical, hands-on knowledge and experiences — information I wish I had when starting. Keep in mind that I’m a LLM layman, I have no novel insights to share, and it’s likely I’ve misunderstood certain aspects. In a year this article will mostly be a historical footnote, which is simultaneously exciting and scary.